The Portrait Of ED Students Pronunciation Education Essay

The Portrait Of ED Students Pronunciation Education EssayIntroductionThis chapter reveals the background of study, problem statement, purpose of the study and the do good of the study. The explanations of these parts be presented belowPronunciation is one of the most primal things that students have to master in vow to communicate appropriately and fluently. According to Fangzhi (199839), that it is grievous to pay attention to orthoepy since it results in whether or not someones message kindle be passed or not by other people. More over, gigabyte (cited in Otlowsky, 20043) stated that if someone terminatenot hear side well, she or he is constrict off from the row. And if someone cannot be understood easily, she or he is cut off from conversation with native vocalizers. We can conclude from the statements preceding(prenominal) that orthoepy gives a significant effect to the meaning of what someone says.However, almost all position teachers make little attempt to teach pronunciation in any overt way and more thanover give attention to it in passing.In nonp atomic number 18il condition, students in ED seem to have good pronunciation beca rehearse they are taught by using slope as their delivery. As cited in Buku Pedoman Akademik FBS 2005/2006, students in English Department are expected to be able to speak and write English correctly.But in fact, based on the observation and informal dialog both with lectures and students done by the seeker, students still have bad pronunciation. For example, it is hard to bump MC with good pronunciation in ED. Many students speak wrong when they are in their dissertation examination and so on.Considering this situation, the researcher is interested in conducting this study to find out ED students pronunciation portrait and its price reduction to the teaching and learning of English.1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONSBased on the background of the study above, the research questions are divided into two, they areM ajor questions1.) What is the portrait of ED students pronunciation?2.) What is the suggestion of students pronunciation portrait towards the teaching and learning of English?Minor questionsHow do ED students learn pronunciation?Does the students mother idiom affect students pronunciation?What are general mistakes that students often make?What are the causes contri preciselye to the mistakes of the students pronunciation?Is students pronunciation influenced by American English or British English?1.3 break up OF THE STUDYThe purposes of the study based on the research questions above are divided into1. Major purposesThe major purposes are 1.) to describe the portrait of ED students pronunciation, 2.) to find out the implication of students pronunciation portrait towards the teaching and learning of English2. Minor purposesThe minor purposes are 1.) to investigate the way ED students learn pronunciation, 2.) to go whether the students mother tongue affect students pronunciation or not, 3.) to figure out the mistakes that students often make in producing lasts, 4.) to investigate the causes that contribute to the students pronunciation mistakes , and 5.) to analyze whether students pronunciation is influenced by American English or British.1.4 BENEFIT OF THE STUDYThe results of the study are hoped to give an input for the institution, to enrich the research in pronunciation field. And it can help ED students who are interested in conducting the related research.1.5 PREVIOUSLY RELATED STUDYThe previously related study was done by Ros Dwi Wahyuni whose thesis title was The Pronunciation of Second Grade Students of SMU 77 in 2005. She conducted her study using a case study as her approach, thus the results of her study can not be generalized for the entire population. The data were ga in that locationd by using interviews and pronunciation test from December 2004 until January 2005 and actioned using rank order correlation formula. The results of her study sh owed that most participants were obvious in recognizing the words in their speech and the participants also had positive attitude towards pronunciation and the teaching of pronunciation.CHAPTER II publications REVIEWThis chapter consists of the definition of pronunciation, related issues on TEFL and pronunciation, background of teaching pronunciation, principles for pronunciation teaching, the areas of English pronunciation, pronunciation teaching, and factors affecting students pronunciation.2.1 Definition of pronunciationPronunciation is the most important thing that we have to master. Otherwise, people cannot receive the message we say. According to Penny Ur (2001), Jack C. Richard (2002), Pronunciation is the sound of the language, or phonology stress and rhythm and inflection and includes the role of individual sounds and divided and to a higher place metameric sounds. Moreover, Otlowski (20041) stated that Pronunciation is a way that is accepted or generally understood. Fr om those statements above, we can conclude that pronunciation is the way of someone produces segmental and supra segmental sound that is accepted or generally understood.2.2 Related Issues on TEFL and Pronunciation on that point are several(prenominal) problems that related to pronunciation and TEFL, such as in ED there is no subject that focuses on pronunciation. Indeed, there are some simple and pleasant exercises to practice pronunciation. According to Jenkins (2007) mentioned on her article, Global English and Teaching Pronunciation, that an implication global English for pronunciation teaching that is students should be given plenty of drive-picture show in their pronunciation classrooms to other non-native accents of English so that they can understand past easily even if a speaker has not yet managed to compass the core features. For EIL, this is more important than having classroom exposure to native speaker accents. It means that students should have non-native accents of English in order to help them understand what the speaker means even though he or she can not amount the RP pronunciation.Moreover, Griffiths (2007), Integrating Pronunciation into Classroom Activities, found that addressing issues (pronunciation) regularly during the language feedback or group correction stage of lesson helps to focus learners attention on its importance and lead to more positive experiences. He also described that pronunciation land can be kept simple and employ exercises which are both accessible and enjoyable for students, whatever their level is. Whenever students do a freer speaking activity, the important aim is usually at girding their spoken fluency in the language. However, the activity also serves to work on students accuracy through the feedback we give them on their use of language. It means that lecturers should give the feedback on students pronunciation regularly so that students will have positive attitude towards the pronunciation.Based on those statements above, Okita (2007), Teaching Pronunciation, cerebrate the activities that can be passed in teaching pronunciation are 1.) explaining Daniel Jones phonemic symbols, using a chart of English vowels and consonants 2.) using minimal pair exercises 3.) lead offting learners to hear pronunciation patterns to predict on which vowel the primary stress is placed in a word, and 4.)distinguishing the differences in the sounds of a vowel or consonant in a given word.2.3 Background to the teaching of pronunciationThere are three main orientations proposed by Nunan (2003, p.112-113) in pronunciation teachingListen carefully and repeat what I say (1940s-1950s). In this orientation, the activities are students are to repeat the words said by their teacher for several times. The problem that can be raised in this orientation is that students differ in how effectively they are able to really listen to and discern the sound system of anew languageLets analyze these sounds closely to figure out how to pronounce them clearly (1960s-19701s). The teacher compares features of the sound system of English with features of their native languages. It is done in order to shrink students accustomed to International Phonetic Alphabetlets start using these sounds in activities as soon as we can while I provide cues and feedback on how well youre doing (1980s and beyond). The teacher gives chances to the students to use the sounds which they are right in producing.2.4 Principles for Teaching PronunciationIn the teaching of pronunciation, there are five principles, according to Nunan (2003, p. 115-117) , which are stated five principles of pronunciation teaching, they areFoster intelligibility during spontaneous speech. Teachers motive to keep fostering the students intelligibility to get them concentrate to pronounce words while they are doing the spontaneous speech.Keep affective considerations firmly in mind. Teachers need to give affective support to their students i n order not to make them have feared to develop new pronunciation habits.Avoid the teaching of individual sounds in isolation. Giving students chances to communicate meaningfully with their friends are more interesting, enjoyable, and memorable activities. If the teachers provide such activities, in the long run, have more impact on improving students speech intelligibility.Provide feedback on learner progress. Teachers should support students efforts, guide them, provide cues for their enhancement. Unless, students would un sensitive where they need to place their energies.Realize that ultimately it is the learner who is in control of changes in pronunciation. According to Morley (1994, p.89), teacher is only as a language coach who supplies development gives models from time to time sets high stands provides a wide variety of practice opportunities and encourages the learner.2.5 The Areas of English PronunciationThe areas of English pronunciation are categorized into two, they ar e segmental (e.g. English consonant and vowel sounds) and supra segmental (e.g. stress, linking, weak forms, intonation), Rajadurai (2001 25). Parker adds (2000 25) rhythm, reduction, and deletion are included as supra segmental features.The controversial issues about which areas of pronunciation are important to be taught came arise. According to Rajadurai (200113) teaching supra segmental is less valued than the teaching of segmental areas. However, Harmer (2002183) disagrees with what Rajadurai stated. He claims that overt teaching of supra segmental areas particularly gives improved comprehension and intelligibly. Wahba (1998 32-33) supported this statement, he claimed that that if learners are aware that there is a stress pattern in English words, and the extradite of the voice can convey the meaning, they will know what to pay attention to and can build basic awareness. In conclusion, both of segmental and supra segmental areas of teaching give significant effect in affecting students pronunciation.2.6 Pronunciation TeachingPronunciation teaching is important to ED students, but in fact there is no lesson which focuses on pronunciation. Indeed, pronunciation can increase the quality of students speaking as Harmer stated (2001183) that pronunciation teaching not only makes students aware of different sound and sound features (and what these mean), but also improve their speaking immeasurably.In order to teach pronunciation, here are the three kinds of pronunciation practices which are most widely used by English teacher to help students improve their pronunciationMinimal pair drills. This is a pair of utterance-usually short- which differs in meaning, but which are exactly alike in sound except in one point. The students are to pronounce pairs of words which differ in pronunciation only in one respect, such as bid/bId/ big/bIg, and sound/saund/ round/raund (Deterding and Pudjosoedarmo 199877)A series of isolated sentences. These have concentration of the sound to be practiced, but they are not sentences frequently used in everyday conversation, Fangzhi (199838). For example aiMike tried five times to get the prizeFive times five is twenty-fiveTongue twisters. Playing with words is particularly useful for the students who have unique pronunciation problems.Ball (20038) gives examples of tongue twistersShe sells seashells on the seashoreRed lorry yellow lorryIf a dog chews shoes, whose shoes does he choose?They think that it is Thursdays the thirtiethFangzhi (199838) concluded that the practices above are good for introducing English sound to beginners and also good for building a strong basic pronunciation. These pronunciation practices might be succeeded in fate students to improve pronunciation but not in sequence. Students who are trained in these ways tend to make more pronunciation errors when speaking spontaneously. non only that, Celce Murcia, et.al. (19962) introduced two approaches that can be applied in helping students p ronunciation improvement, they areAn intuitive-imitative approach. It talks about the students ability to listen to and imitate sounds of a target language. He or she also can make imitate the pronunciation of other people in television, radio, songs, and so forthAn analytic-linguistic approach. It recognizes the importance of discourse of pronunciation in language acquisition. Using this approach, teacher is to identify students problem in pronouncing the foreign language by providing pedagogical aidsBeside that, Nunan (2003) also gave us teaching strategies to teach pronunciation that consists ofOpenness to change. Teacher ask learner to discuss problem areas that are faced. It is important to build learners self-confidence and attend their stirred up needs as a non-native speakerContextualized minimal pairs. Teaching pronunciation by distinguishing between specifically targeted sounds, stress patterns, or intonation patterns through the use of minimal pairsGadgets and props. Le arners are to analyze the words on their own, and to practice saying words by using their tools in coordination with their pronunciation stress syllables.Slow motion speaking (SMS). SMS allows learners to view close up, and to imitate, the teachers way of producing specific sounds in contextTracking. Languages learner are not being asked to repeat after the recorded voice, but to try to say the words presented in the transcript concurrent with the voices they are listening to.Techniques from drama and theater arts. Popular plays and screenplays can be interesting sources of pronunciation workPronunciation teaching is not as easy as the stated statements above, it has obstacles too. Because of that, Otlowsky suggestedpronunciation should be integrated into other subjects orienting to communicative competency than linguistic skill especially in segmental and supra segmental phoneme ,Morley (1991, p.481-520)listening comprehension and pronunciation have close relationship ,Gilbert (198 4, p.1) and Nooteboom (1983, p.183-194) stated that there is a strong impact of speech perception to speech productionthe best technique should involve teachers and students as speech trainer or trainer, Morley (1991, p.507)intelligible pronunciation is seen as essential component of communicative competence, Morley (1991, p.513)2.7 Factors Affecting Students PronunciationSometimes we, as the non-native speaker, made mistakes in pronouncing words. It is because the several things, such as the differences in pronunciation area so that we are not accustomed to produce the sounds. As stated by Ur (2001, p.52) that some causes affect pronunciation mistakes 1.) substitute number language with first language sound because there is no in first language 2.) grow wrong perception on second language sounds because the sound is an allophone in first language 3.)use a stress pattern and first language intonation when pronouncing second language in order to create a strange accentCHAPTER IIIRE SEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter reveals the methodology used by the researcher, including research design consists of time, place, and the subjects of the study data accrual process and data analysis.RESEARCH DESIGNSince the study focuses on describing the portrait of ED students pronunciation and analyzing the implication of students pronunciation towards the teaching and learning of English, the method will be used in this study is descriptive analytical interpretive.This research does not make any intervention and judgment. It only describes the portrait of ED students pronunciation and analyzes its implication towards the teaching and learning of English. This study also describes how ED students learn their pronunciation and whether their mother tongue affects their pronunciation or not.This study applies two methods of data collection that are by recording the test of English phoneme and doing the interview. The test of English phoneme consists of the list of words those are v owels, diphthongs, trip thongs, consonants, consonant clusters, stress, and intonation. The interview is designed to get more specific information to answer the research questions. Both data collected by means of test of English phoneme and interview will be analyzed with descriptive analysis interpretive.Descriptive analytical interpretiveThe study used a descriptive analytical interpretive method. Yin cited in Tunisa (2008) and Ardi (2009) mentioned that descriptive cases take up that the writer begins with a descriptive theory, or face the possibility that problems will occur during the project. Surakhmad (1990140) stated two features of descriptive studyMemusatkan diri pada pemecahan masalah-masalah yang ada pada masa sekarang, pada masalah-masalah aktualData yang dikumpulkan mula-mula disusun, dijelaskan dan kemudian dianalisa (karenaitu metode in sering pula disebut metode analitik. Surakhmad (1990140)It can be concluded that to implement descriptive study, the study has to ( 1) focus on solving the past and actual issues then (2) the collected data is ordered, explained, and then analyzed (that is why this is often called an analytical method).Geoff Walsham said on his presentation that according to Orlikowski and Baroudi (1991) interpretive studies assume that people cerate and associate their own subjective and intersubjective meanings as they interact with the world around them. Interpretive researchers thus attempt to understand phenomena through accessing the meanings participants assign to them. This definition is based on the ground thatThe interpretive research approach towards the relationship between theory and practice is that the researcher can never assume a value-neutral stance, and is always implicated in the phenomena being studied.There is no direct access to reality unmediated by language and preconception.Walsham (1993) himself states that interpretive methods of research start from the position that our knowledge of reality, includin g the domain of human action, is a social construction by human actors and that this applies equally to researchers. Thus there is no objective reality which can be discovered by researchers and replicated by others, in contrast to the assumptions of positive science.PopulationThe population of the study was the whole of ED classes at State University of Jakarta.SampleThe samples of this study were the students from 2005, 2006, and 2007 both from educational and non-educational students. rate and placeThe study was conducted at English Department of State University of Jakarta from December 2008 to April 2009.InstrumentsTwo kinds of instruments are designed for data collection. They are test of English phoneme and interview list.1.) Test of English PhonemeThe test of English phoneme is consisted of the list of words that are categorized into vowels, diphthongs, trip thongs, consonants, consonant clusters, stress, and intonation. Then, students are asked to pronounce them using memo rialize recorder.2.) Interview listThe interview for this study is designed as a structured interview. The questions in the interview list are designed based on the research questions in chapter I.3.2 DATA COLLECTION PROCESSThe data collection was conducted on December 2008 until April 2009. The data in this study consisted of information collected by using test of English phoneme, and interview list. The collected data using an English test phoneme was conducted on December 2008 until April 2009. Meanwhile, the data from interview was done by taking notes (face-to-face individually) and sending via e-mail.DATA ANALYSISThe researcher analyzed the data by the following steps. The first was checking data completeness the data taken were the recorded ED students pronunciation. The recorded data contains vowels, diphthongs, trip thongs, consonants, consonant clusters, stress, and intonation. To classify the data, the writer analyzed the pronunciation into the transcript based on the par ticipants entrance year. The second was grouping data by making them in the table presentation based on the data source. The third was comparing the data in each category by comparing the data, the writer would find the dominant and the less dominant made by students in pronouncing the sound. The forth was putting groups of data in order from the more dominant data to the less ones. The last was the taken data was interpreted based on the findings.